Library

Books for Children

Books, research and practical resources for learning mathematics through building, play and clear representations.

63 resources

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Children· English

Books for Parents & Teachers· English

Books for Parents & Teachers· English

Books for Parents & Teachers· English

Books for Parents & Teachers· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Research & Reports· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· Turkish

Teaching Guides & Activities· Turkish

Teaching Guides & Activities· Turkish

Teaching Guides & Activities· Turkish

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Teaching Guides & Activities· English

Digital Tools· English

Digital Tools· English

Digital Tools· English

Podcasts· English

Podcasts· English

Podcasts· English

Videos· Turkish

Selected for children, families and educators. Research, practical guidance and personal experience are identified separately. Review each resource’s scope, access conditions and suitability for the learner. Links and descriptions reviewed on 30–31 October 2026.

Books for Children
Cover of How Many?

Resource details

Author / organisation
Christopher Danielson; Charlesbridge
Language
English
Publisher’s age guidance
4–8
ISBN
9781580899437

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

How Many?

A visual counting book in which different answers are possible depending on what is being counted.

Ideas for learning

Discuss how the same collection can be counted as bricks, studs, rows or pairs.

Scope & considerations

A reading recommendation, not a dyscalculia intervention.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Children
Cover of Which One Doesn't Belong? Playing With Shapes

Resource details

Author / organisation
Christopher Danielson; Charlesbridge
Language
English
Publisher’s age guidance
4–8
ISBN
9781580899444

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

Which One Doesn't Belong? Playing With Shapes

A geometry book inviting children to justify similarities and differences between shapes, with more than one defensible answer.

Ideas for learning

Ask which of four real pieces is different and explain the rule behind each answer.

Scope & considerations

Reducing the task to one correct choice removes much of its reasoning value.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Children
Cover of One Is a Snail, Ten Is a Crab

Resource details

Author / organisation
April Pulley Sayre and Jeffrey Sayre; illustrated by Randy Cecil; Candlewick
Language
English
Publication / edition
Paperback edition 2006
Publisher’s age guidance
5–8
ISBN
9780763626310

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

One Is a Snail, Ten Is a Crab

A counting story using animals’ feet to form numbers in different groups.

Ideas for learning

Show the same total with different combinations of pieces and equal groups.

Scope & considerations

Distinguish the number of animals from the number of feet being counted.

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Paid book; publisher links to activity resources

Books for Children
Cover of Lemonade in Winter

Resource details

Author / organisation
Emily Jenkins; illustrated by G. Brian Karas; Anne Schwartz Books
Language
English
Publication / edition
2012
Publisher’s age guidance
3–7
ISBN
9780375858833

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

Lemonade in Winter

Two children run a winter lemonade stand in a story involving money and simple operations.

Ideas for learning

Create a market stall and explore prices, totals and change.

Scope & considerations

Use consistent values when adapting the story to a different currency.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Children
Cover of Equal Shmequal

Resource details

Author / organisation
Virginia Kroll; illustrated by Philomena O'Neill; Charlesbridge
Language
English
Publisher’s age guidance
5–8
ISBN
9781570918926

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

Equal Shmequal

A tug-of-war story that distinguishes equal numbers from equality based on another property.

Ideas for learning

Explore different groups making the same total and discuss the relational meaning of the equals sign.

Scope & considerations

Brick count, volume and weight are different measurements; equal counts do not imply equal weight.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Children
Cover of Fractions in Disguise

Resource details

Author / organisation
Edward Einhorn; illustrated by David Clark; Charlesbridge
Language
English
Publisher’s age guidance
7–10
ISBN
9781570917745

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

Fractions in Disguise

A mystery story about equivalent fractions and simplifying fractions.

Ideas for learning

Represent half of the same whole using different numbers of equal parts.

Scope & considerations

First check understanding of equal sharing and the unit whole.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Children
Cover of Sir Cumference and All the King's Tens

Resource details

Author / organisation
Cindy Neuschwander; illustrated by Wayne Geehan; Charlesbridge
Language
English
Publisher’s age guidance
8–12
ISBN
9781570917288

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

Sir Cumference and All the King's Tens

A busy royal celebration introduces counting by groups of tens, hundreds and thousands.

Ideas for learning

Regroup ten equal units as one ten while showing that the total remains unchanged.

Scope & considerations

If a colour represents ten, make that convention explicit.

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Paid book; publisher links to an activity guide

Books for Children
Cover of Sir Cumference and the First Round Table

Resource details

Author / organisation
Cindy Neuschwander; illustrated by Wayne Geehan; Charlesbridge
Language
English
Publisher’s age guidance
8–12
ISBN
9781570911521

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

Sir Cumference and the First Round Table

A story about different table shapes opening conversations about geometry and measurement.

Ideas for learning

Compare arrangements with the same area or different perimeters.

Scope & considerations

A stepped approximation built with rectangular bricks should not be presented as a true circle.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Children
Cover of The LEGO Games Book

Resource details

Author / organisation
Tori Kosara; DK Children
Language
English
Publication / edition
2020
Publisher’s age guidance
7–11
ISBN
9780744030815

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

The LEGO Games Book

A general LEGO activity book of puzzles, games and building challenges.

Ideas for learning

Choose a clear mathematics goal when adapting a game idea.

Scope & considerations

This is not a mathematics curriculum. Timed races need not be carried into learning activities.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Children
Cover of Math Curse

Resource details

Author / organisation
Jon Scieszka; illustrated by Lane Smith; Viking Books for Young Readers
Language
English
Publication / edition
1995
Publisher’s age guidance
3–7; select questions to suit the reader
ISBN
9780670861941

Publisher cover

Books for Children · English

Math Curse

A humorous story about a child encountering mathematics questions in everyday life.

Ideas for learning

Invite children to invent an optional mathematics question from their own day.

Scope & considerations

It is not a treatment for mathematics anxiety, and its dense problem language may not suit every reader.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Parents & Teachers
Cover of The Dyscalculia Toolkit: Supporting Learning Difficulties in Maths

Resource details

Author / organisation
Ronit Bird; SAGE
Language
English
Publication / edition
Fourth edition
Publisher’s age guidance
Adult resource; activities for ages 6–14
ISBN
9781529744323

Publisher cover

Books for Parents & Teachers · English

The Dyscalculia Toolkit: Supporting Learning Difficulties in Maths

Activities and games for early number, calculations beyond ten, place value, multiplication and division.

Ideas for learning

An adult reference for concrete models, dot patterns and meaningful number relationships.

Scope & considerations

Reviewed through the publisher record and contents, not a full-book assessment.

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Paid book; online resource conditions vary

Books for Parents & Teachers
Cover of Mathematics for Dyslexics and Dyscalculics: A Teaching Handbook

Resource details

Author / organisation
Steve Chinn and Richard E. Ashcroft; Wiley
Language
English
Publication / edition
Fourth edition; copyright 2017
ISBN
9781119159964

Publisher cover

Books for Parents & Teachers · English

Mathematics for Dyslexics and Dyscalculics: A Teaching Handbook

A teaching handbook covering number concepts, place value, fractions, time and anxiety.

Ideas for learning

Explore why learners with the same difficulty label can have different teaching needs.

Scope & considerations

An instructional handbook does not replace an individual professional assessment.

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Paid book; some summaries and samples are open

Books for Parents & Teachers
Cover of Understanding Dyscalculia and Numeracy Difficulties

Resource details

Author / organisation
Jane Emerson and Patricia Babtie; Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Language
English
Publication / edition
2015
ISBN
9781849053907

Publisher cover

Books for Parents & Teachers · English

Understanding Dyscalculia and Numeracy Difficulties

An introduction to number sense, assessment, teaching plans and support from families.

Ideas for learning

A possible starting book for adults first exploring dyscalculia and numeracy difficulties.

Scope & considerations

Local information is also needed for assessment arrangements in Türkiye.

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Paid book; publisher description is free

Books for Parents & Teachers
Cover of Mathematical Mindsets

Resource details

Author / organisation
Jo Boaler; Jossey-Bass
Language
English
Publication / edition
Second edition 2022

Publisher cover

Books for Parents & Teachers · English

Mathematical Mindsets

A book for teachers and families on visual mathematics, rich problems and how students see themselves as mathematics learners.

Ideas for learning

Encourage explanations, different solution paths and attention to the learning process.

Scope & considerations

Broad achievement claims should not become product promises. The book is not specific to dyscalculia.

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Paid book; author’s publication list is open

Research & Reports
Article first page · Farran et al., 2025 · Wiley — Teacher Delivered Block Construction Training Improves Children's Mathematics Performance

Resource details

Author / organisation
Emily K. Farran et al.
Language
English
Publication / edition
2025
DOI
10.1111/mbe.70006

Article first page · Farran et al., 2025 · Wiley

Research & Reports · English

Teacher Delivered Block Construction Training Improves Children's Mathematics Performance

A six-week, teacher-led LEGO programme for children aged 6–7. In a quasi-experimental study, 409 children received training and 103 followed usual teaching. The training group improved more in spatial skills and mathematics, but not spatial language.

Ideas for learning

Combine illustrated building instructions with spatial questions and adult support.

Scope & considerations

The study was not randomly assigned. It does not establish the effectiveness of free LEGO play, Math-Bricks or a dyscalculia-specific programme.

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Research & Reports
Article first page · McDougal et al. · Wiley / Loughborough repository — Assessing the impact of LEGO construction training on spatial and mathematical skills

Resource details

Author / organisation
Emily McDougal, Priya Silverstein et al.
Language
English
Publication / edition
2024; first online 2023
DOI
10.1111/desc.13432

Article first page · McDougal et al. · Wiley / Loughborough repository

Research & Reports · English

Assessing the impact of LEGO construction training on spatial and mathematical skills

A registered report comparing physical LEGO, digital LEGO and a craft control with 198 children aged 7–9 over six weeks. Transfer was clearest near construction skills; broader spatial and mathematical transfer was limited.

Ideas for learning

Give each building task an explicit mathematical purpose and consider physical and digital construction separately.

Scope & considerations

Some arithmetic findings do not justify a claim of improvement across all mathematical or spatial skills.

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Research & Reports
Article first page · Tellos & Osana, 2025 · JRSMTE — Watch Those Studs! How Prior Domain Knowledge and Extraneous Details on LEGO Bricks Influence Children's Fraction Division

Resource details

Author / organisation
Alison Tellos and Helena P. Osana
Language
English
Publication / edition
2025
DOI
10.31756/jrsmte.4110SI

Article first page · Tellos & Osana, 2025 · JRSMTE

Research & Reports · English

Watch Those Studs! How Prior Domain Knowledge and Extraneous Details on LEGO Bricks Influence Children's Fraction Division

A study of LEGO fraction division with 38 students in Grades 5–6. Irrelevant brick details sometimes encouraged unsuitable counting strategies; prior fraction knowledge was related to representation choices and accuracy.

Ideas for learning

State the unit whole clearly and connect the brick model to a number line.

Scope & considerations

This small, task-specific study does not show that LEGO is always suitable or unsuitable for teaching fractions.

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Research & Reports
Article first page · Carbonneau, Marley & Selig, 2013 · APA — A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Teaching Mathematics With Concrete Manipulatives

Resource details

Author / organisation
Kira J. Carbonneau, Scott C. Marley and James P. Selig
Language
English
Publication / edition
2013
DOI
10.1037/a0031084

Article first page · Carbonneau, Marley & Selig, 2013 · APA

Research & Reports · English

A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Teaching Mathematics With Concrete Manipulatives

A meta-analysis of 55 studies involving 7,237 participants. Concrete manipulatives had small to moderate advantages over teaching with abstract symbols alone, with results varying by teaching and study characteristics.

Ideas for learning

Choose materials together with the learning goal, explanation and representation they support.

Scope & considerations

The studies span kindergarten to university. The estimate is not specific to LEGO or dyscalculia.

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Article copy hosted by a university

Research & Reports
Article first page · Hawes, Gilligan-Lee & Mix, 2022 · APA — Effects of spatial training on mathematics performance: A meta-analysis

Resource details

Author / organisation
Zachary C. K. Hawes, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee and Kelly S. Mix
Language
English
Publication / edition
2022
DOI
10.1037/dev0001281

Article first page · Hawes, Gilligan-Lee & Mix, 2022 · APA

Research & Reports · English

Effects of spatial training on mathematics performance: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis of 29 controlled studies with 3,765 participants. Average transfer from spatial training to mathematics was g = 0.28, with variation by age, materials and proximity to the target skill.

Ideas for learning

Make the connection between spatial construction and the intended mathematical skill explicit.

Scope & considerations

A small average effect does not imply the same benefit for every learner or activity.

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Abstract available; full-text access varies

Research & Reports
Article figure 1 · Atit et al. · Springer Nature — Examining the relations between spatial skills and mathematical performance: A meta-analysis

Resource details

Author / organisation
Kinnari Atit et al.
Language
English
Publication / edition
2022; first online 2021
DOI
10.3758/s13423-021-02012-w

Article figure 1 · Atit et al. · Springer Nature

Research & Reports · English

Examining the relations between spatial skills and mathematical performance: A meta-analysis

A synthesis of 45 articles reporting a moderate positive association between spatial skills and mathematical performance.

Ideas for learning

Use this review to understand why geometry, spatial language and mental rotation belong in a mathematics library.

Scope & considerations

An association does not establish that a particular LEGO activity causes higher mathematics achievement.

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Abstract available; full text may require a subscription

Research & Reports
Publisher article page · Nath & Szücs, 2014 · Elsevier (PDF access restricted) — Construction play and cognitive skills associated with the development of mathematical abilities in 7-year-old children

Resource details

Author / organisation
Swiya Nath and Dénes Szücs
Language
English
Publication / edition
2014
DOI
10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.01.006

Publisher article page · Nath & Szücs, 2014 · Elsevier (PDF access restricted)

Research & Reports · English

Construction play and cognitive skills associated with the development of mathematical abilities in 7-year-old children

A study of 66 children examining relationships between LEGO construction, mathematics and visuospatial memory.

Ideas for learning

Consider the memory demands of holding a model or visual instruction in mind while building.

Scope & considerations

This is correlational evidence, not a test of an intervention or a dyscalculia treatment.

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Publisher abstract; full-text access varies

Research & Reports
Article first page · Laski et al., 2015 · Sage Open — What Makes Mathematics Manipulatives Effective? Lessons From Cognitive Science and Montessori Education

Resource details

Author / organisation
Elida V. Laski, Jamilah R. Jor’dan, Carolyn Daoust and Angela K. Murray
Language
English
Publication / edition
2015
DOI
10.1177/2158244015589588

Article first page · Laski et al., 2015 · Sage Open

Research & Reports · English

What Makes Mathematics Manipulatives Effective? Lessons From Cognitive Science and Montessori Education

A discussion of four principles for effective manipulatives: consistent use, movement towards more abstract representations, reduced irrelevant detail and explicit mathematical connections.

Ideas for learning

Use a small, consistent set of materials and explain what each model represents.

Scope & considerations

These design principles are not an independent effectiveness test of a product.

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Open access

Research & Reports
Article figure 2 · Fyfe et al., 2014 · Springer — Concreteness Fading in Mathematics and Science Instruction: a Systematic Review

Resource details

Author / organisation
Emily R. Fyfe, Nicole M. McNeil, Ji Y. Son and Robert L. Goldstone
Language
English
Publication / edition
2014
DOI
10.1007/s10648-014-9249-3

Article figure 2 · Fyfe et al., 2014 · Springer

Research & Reports · English

Concreteness Fading in Mathematics and Science Instruction: a Systematic Review

A systematic review of instruction that begins with concrete materials and makes connections as representations become more abstract.

Ideas for learning

Connect real bricks, simple drawings, number lines and written symbols visibly.

Scope & considerations

Transitions should follow understanding; the review does not justify one fixed sequence for every learner.

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Abstract available; full text may require a subscription

Research & Reports
Author manuscript first page · Wijns et al. · KU Leuven repository — Are preschoolers who spontaneously create patterns better in mathematics?

Resource details

Author / organisation
Nore Wijns, Bert De Smedt, Lieven Verschaffel and Joke Torbeyns
Language
English
Publication / edition
2020; first online 2019
DOI
10.1111/bjep.12329

Author manuscript first page · Wijns et al. · KU Leuven repository

Research & Reports · English

Are preschoolers who spontaneously create patterns better in mathematics?

A study of 378 preschoolers examining spontaneous block patterning, pattern skills and mathematics.

Ideas for learning

Ask children to explain the repeating unit, rather than only predict the next colour.

Scope & considerations

A relationship between patterning and mathematics does not prove that one activity causes better achievement.

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Abstract available

Research & Reports
Article first page · Siegler, Thompson & Schneider / Elsevier — An integrated theory of whole number and fractions development

Resource details

Author / organisation
Robert S. Siegler, Clarissa A. Thompson and Michael Schneider
Language
English
Publication / edition
2011
DOI
10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.03.001

Article first page · Siegler, Thompson & Schneider / Elsevier

Research & Reports · English

An integrated theory of whole number and fractions development

A theory and study of links between fraction magnitude knowledge, fraction arithmetic and mathematics achievement among students aged 11 and 13.

Ideas for learning

Present fractions as numbers on a number line as well as parts of a whole.

Scope & considerations

The ages and tasks should not be transferred directly to younger children without adaptation.

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Abstract available

Research & Reports
Article first page · Ramani & Siegler / Society for Research in Child Development — Promoting broad and stable improvements in low-income children's numerical knowledge through playing number board games

Resource details

Author / organisation
Geetha B. Ramani and Robert S. Siegler
Language
English
Publication / edition
2008
DOI
10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01131.x

Article first page · Ramani & Siegler / Society for Research in Child Development

Research & Reports · English

Promoting broad and stable improvements in low-income children's numerical knowledge through playing number board games

A comparison of a linear number board game with a colour game. Preschoolers in the number-game condition improved in magnitude comparison, number-line estimation, counting and numeral identification.

Ideas for learning

Build a number path and ask children to count moves and explain the number they reach.

Scope & considerations

The result concerns a particular game and sample; it does not establish equivalent effects for all board games or dyscalculia.

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Abstract available

Research & Reports
Article figure · Haberstroh & Schulte-Körne / Deutsches Ärzteblatt International — The Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyscalculia

Resource details

Author / organisation
Stefan Haberstroh and Gerd Schulte-Körne
Language
English
Publication / edition
2019
DOI
10.3238/arztebl.2019.0107

Article figure · Haberstroh & Schulte-Körne / Deutsches Ärzteblatt International

Research & Reports · English

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyscalculia

A review of evidence on dyscalculia assessment and intervention, emphasising support directed at the learner’s specific mathematical difficulties.

Ideas for learning

Distinguish needs involving number sense, operations and place value when choosing support resources.

Scope & considerations

Diagnosis requires a qualified assessment. A website game, score or checklist is not a diagnostic tool.

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Free full-text link available

Research & Reports
Article figure · Barroso et al. / Psychological Bulletin — A meta-analysis of the relation between math anxiety and math achievement

Resource details

Author / organisation
Connie Barroso et al.
Language
English
Publication / edition
2021; first online 2020
DOI
10.1037/bul0000307

Article figure · Barroso et al. / Psychological Bulletin

Research & Reports · English

A meta-analysis of the relation between math anxiety and math achievement

A meta-analysis of 747 effect sizes reporting an average association of r = −0.28 between mathematics anxiety and achievement, with differences across measures and groups.

Ideas for learning

Use explanatory feedback, chances to retry and low-pressure entry points.

Scope & considerations

Correlation does not show that every anxiety-reducing game improves achievement or that LEGO reduces anxiety.

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Free full-text link available

Research & Reports
Article first page · Lindström-Sandahl et al., 2024 · Wiley — A randomized controlled study of a second grade numeracy intervention with Swedish students at-risk of mathematics difficulties

Resource details

Author / organisation
Hanna Lindström-Sandahl et al.
Language
English
Publication / edition
2024
DOI
10.1111/bjep.12705

Article first page · Lindström-Sandahl et al., 2024 · Wiley

Research & Reports · English

A randomized controlled study of a second grade numeracy intervention with Swedish students at-risk of mathematics difficulties

Following screening of 753 students, 62 children at risk of mathematics difficulties were assigned to two conditions. A nine-week, individual explicit-teaching intervention reported gains in conceptual knowledge, arithmetic and problem solving.

Ideas for learning

Identify a starting point, model an example, support practice and revisit learning.

Scope & considerations

Being at risk is not the same as having a dyscalculia diagnosis. This was not a LEGO programme.

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Abstract available

Research & Reports
Article first page · Gervasoni et al. / Springer Nature — A systematic review of mathematics intervention approaches for primary school students who experience difficulties with learning mathematics

Resource details

Author / organisation
Ann Gervasoni, Anne Roche, Penelope Kalogeropoulos and Ann Downton
Language
English
Publication / edition
21 September 2026
DOI
10.1007/s13394-026-00599-8

Article first page · Gervasoni et al. / Springer Nature

Research & Reports · English

A systematic review of mathematics intervention approaches for primary school students who experience difficulties with learning mathematics

A review of 38 studies from 2000–2024 on small-group interventions for primary pupils struggling with mathematics without an identified learning disability. Representations, fluency and explicit teaching were common approaches.

Ideas for learning

Keep general mathematics difficulties and dyscalculia-specific evidence clearly labelled.

Scope & considerations

Frequently used components are not necessarily the most effective components.

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Open access

Research & Reports
Article figure · Douglas et al. / Journal of Learning Disabilities — A Meta-Analysis of Mathematics Fact Fluency Interventions for Students With Mathematics Difficulties

Resource details

Author / organisation
Grace P. Douglas, Jonté A. Myers, Kathleen K. Mason, Sarah R. Powell and Danielle O. Lariviere
Language
English
Publication / edition
2026
DOI
10.1177/00222194261424914

Article figure · Douglas et al. / Journal of Learning Disabilities

Research & Reports · English

A Meta-Analysis of Mathematics Fact Fluency Interventions for Students With Mathematics Difficulties

A meta-analysis of 35 group-design studies and 178 effect sizes on mathematics fact fluency. The average effect was g = 0.76, with substantial variation between studies.

Ideas for learning

Offer practice suited to the learner’s needs after developing meaningful strategies and understanding.

Scope & considerations

The estimate is not evidence for speed races alone, compulsory timed tests or LEGO specifically.

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Free full-text link available

Research & Reports
Article first page · Waaland, Rønneberg & ten Braak / Springer Nature — Effects and Characteristics of Mathematics Interventions for Students with Co-Occurring Difficulties in Mathematics and Reading: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Resource details

Author / organisation
Ellinor Waaland, Vibeke Rønneberg and Dieuwer ten Braak
Language
English
Publication / edition
6 July 2026
DOI
10.1007/s10648-026-10184-x

Article first page · Waaland, Rønneberg & ten Braak / Springer Nature

Research & Reports · English

Effects and Characteristics of Mathematics Interventions for Students with Co-Occurring Difficulties in Mathematics and Reading: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

A review and meta-analysis of nine studies involving students in Grades 1–3 with co-occurring mathematics and reading difficulties. It reports positive average outcomes alongside a small and heterogeneous evidence base.

Ideas for learning

Reduce unnecessary reading demands with short instructions, visual examples and supported repetition.

Scope & considerations

Reading difficulties and mathematics difficulties should not be treated as identical.

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Open access

Research & Reports
Report cover · Education Endowment Foundation / Centre for Evidence and Implementation — SPAtial Cognition to Enhance Mathematical Learning SPACE Pilot Report

Resource details

Author / organisation
Amy Hall, Paula Verdugo, Katherine Young, Ann Dowker and Jane Lewis; EEF and Centre for Evidence and Implementation
Language
English
Publication / edition
2025

Report cover · Education Endowment Foundation / Centre for Evidence and Implementation

Research & Reports · English

SPAtial Cognition to Enhance Mathematical Learning SPACE Pilot Report

A pilot report on feasibility, acceptability and scalability in 15 schools. Teachers described engagement and spatial learning benefits, alongside questions about curriculum links and time taken from usual mathematics teaching.

Ideas for learning

Plan materials, teacher preparation and mathematical goals together.

Scope & considerations

This is a pilot report, separate from the Farran journal article. It is not a definitive effectiveness trial.

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Free report and appendices

Research & Reports
Article first page · Ambrosini & Meyer, arXiv:2210.16988 — Data Bricks Space Mission: Teaching Kids about Data with Physicalization

Resource details

Author / organisation
Lorenzo Ambrosini and Miriah Meyer
Language
English
Publication / edition
2022
DOI
10.48550/arXiv.2210.16988

Article first page · Ambrosini & Meyer, arXiv:2210.16988

Research & Reports · English

Data Bricks Space Mission: Teaching Kids about Data with Physicalization

A design prototype for ages 10–12 using LEGO and a space narrative to represent data physically, informed by a literature review and teacher interviews.

Ideas for learning

Explore collecting data, building column displays and explaining a finding.

Scope & considerations

This prototype is not a controlled trial demonstrating learning gains.

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Open access preprint

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Improving Mathematics in the Early Years and Key Stage 1

Resource details

Author / organisation
Education Endowment Foundation
Language
English
Publication / edition
2020

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Improving Mathematics in the Early Years and Key Stage 1

Evidence-informed guidance on mathematics development for ages 3–7, including daily routines, play and mathematical talk.

Ideas for learning

Include meaningful conversations and everyday games alongside counting activities.

Scope & considerations

This is not a LEGO programme or the Turkish national curriculum.

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Free guidance report

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Improving Mathematics in Key Stages 2 and 3

Resource details

Author / organisation
Education Endowment Foundation
Language
English
Publication / edition
2017; updated guidance also available

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Improving Mathematics in Key Stages 2 and 3

Guidance on assessing prior knowledge, using representations, problem solving and providing additional support.

Ideas for learning

Explain links between bricks, drawings and symbols in each activity.

Scope & considerations

Choose representations carefully so that presenting several at once does not overload learners.

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Free guidance report

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Assisting Students Struggling with Mathematics: Intervention in the Elementary Grades

Resource details

Author / organisation
Institute of Education Sciences and What Works Clearinghouse; Lynn S. Fuchs panel
Language
English
Publication / edition
2021

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Assisting Students Struggling with Mathematics: Intervention in the Elementary Grades

A practice guide covering systematic instruction, mathematical language, representations, number lines, word problems and timed activities for fluency.

Ideas for learning

Model an example, support a first attempt and move towards independent practice with an appropriate representation.

Scope & considerations

The timed-activity recommendation does not require compulsory time pressure or leaderboards while learning a concept.

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Free guide and explanatory videos

Teaching Guides & Activities
Official practice guide cover — Developing Effective Fractions Instruction for Kindergarten Through 8th Grade

Resource details

Author / organisation
Institute of Education Sciences and What Works Clearinghouse; Robert Siegler panel
Language
English
Publication / edition
2010

Official practice guide cover

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Developing Effective Fractions Instruction for Kindergarten Through 8th Grade

Guidance on sharing, fractions as numbers, the meaning of operations and proportional reasoning. Each recommendation has its own evidence rating.

Ideas for learning

Connect fraction bricks with number lines, magnitude comparisons and equal sharing.

Scope & considerations

Recommendations within the guide do not all have the same level of supporting evidence.

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Free guide and videos

Teaching Guides & Activities
Learning Trajectories programme artwork — Learning Trajectories

Resource details

Author / organisation
Learning and Teaching with Learning Trajectories ekibi
Language
English

Learning Trajectories programme artwork

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Learning Trajectories

Learning pathways for counting, subitising, comparison, operations, fractions, patterns, shapes and measurement.

Ideas for learning

Choose activities using the child’s present reasoning as well as their age.

Scope & considerations

Developmental pathways are not an automatic diagnostic scoring system.

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Open content; some functions may require an account

Teaching Guides & Activities
NCETM Mastering Number programme image — Mastering Number at Reception and KS1

Resource details

Author / organisation
National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics
Language
English
Publication / edition
Current programme page

NCETM Mastering Number programme image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Mastering Number at Reception and KS1

A programme focused on early number sense, number relationships and fluency, with professional development for teachers.

Ideas for learning

Explore five- and ten-based groupings, different ways to see a number and brief practice routines.

Scope & considerations

Participation and material access have conditions; availability should be checked with the provider.

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Public overview; programme access is conditional

Teaching Guides & Activities
NRICH Cuisenaire Environment image — Cuisenaire Rods

Resource details

Author / organisation
NRICH and University of Cambridge
Language
English

NRICH Cuisenaire Environment image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Cuisenaire Rods

NRICH investigations involving rod lengths, fraction walls, rectangles and patterns.

Ideas for learning

Use fixed units and length relationships as starting points for mathematical questions.

Scope & considerations

Cuisenaire rods and LEGO bricks do not automatically share the same length, height or colour conventions.

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Free web resource; link availability can vary

Teaching Guides & Activities
NRICH array model photograph — Arrays, Multiplication and Division

Resource details

Author / organisation
Jennie Pennant; Jenni Way and Mike Askew with contributions from NRICH
Language
English
Publication / edition
2012

NRICH array model photograph

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Arrays, Multiplication and Division

An explanation of arrays as models for multiplication, division, partitioning and the distributive property.

Ideas for learning

Connect rows and columns of studs with equal groups and explain the counting unit.

Scope & considerations

Do not confuse the number of bricks, number of studs and area units within a task.

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Free web article and PDF

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Spatial Reasoning Toolkit

Resource details

Author / organisation
Early Childhood Maths Group
Language
English
Publication / edition
2022; later additions

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Spatial Reasoning Toolkit

A toolkit on position, direction, shape properties and composing shapes, with additional resources for SEND and progression at ages 7–11.

Ideas for learning

Use language such as above, below, between, rotate and reflect when discussing constructions.

Scope & considerations

Motor performance and mathematical understanding should not be combined into a single measure.

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Free guidance, posters and videos

Teaching Guides & Activities
LEGO Education Café+ activity image — Café+ Lesson Plans

Resource details

Author / organisation
LEGO Education
Language
English

LEGO Education Café+ activity image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Café+ Lesson Plans

Preschool lesson plans involving counting, patterns, simple operations, sorting, prices and shopping, designed around a specific DUPLO set.

Ideas for learning

Use a café or market setting to give a counting or money task a clear purpose.

Scope & considerations

The original set is not a required purchase for Math-Bricks activities.

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Open lesson descriptions; set-specific materials

Teaching Guides & Activities
Six Bricks Booklet cover — Six Bricks Booklet

Resource details

Author / organisation
The LEGO Foundation; FIRST via
Language
English

Six Bricks Booklet cover

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Six Bricks Booklet

Short activities using six coloured DUPLO bricks, involving language, problem solving and collaboration.

Ideas for learning

Use a brief starter or ask one child to describe a model for another child to build.

Scope & considerations

This is a general play resource, not a proven dyscalculia intervention.

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Free PDF

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Brick Math Curriculum for Teachers

Resource details

Author / organisation
Shirley Disseler and Brick Math
Language
English

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Brick Math Curriculum for Teachers

A commercial LEGO mathematics curriculum covering counting, operations, fractions, measurement, decimals, data and pre-algebra. The current teacher page describes K–8 and 13 topics.

Ideas for learning

Compare ways of making a mathematical relationship visible with bricks.

Scope & considerations

Publisher success claims are not independent research evidence. Follow the provider’s terms for its materials.

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Open sample lessons; books and programme materials are paid

Teaching Guides & Activities
Youcubed Keep + Flip + Turn activity image — Activities and Tasks

Resource details

Author / organisation
Youcubed and Stanford University
Language
English

Youcubed Keep + Flip + Turn activity image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Activities and Tasks

Classroom tasks involving number sense, patterns, shape, measurement, data and probability, organised by grade.

Ideas for learning

Invite different solutions and explanations instead of requiring one visual answer.

Scope & considerations

These tasks are not diagnostic tools or dyscalculia-specific treatments.

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Many free tasks; some programmes have separate access

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Counting on Counting Books to Support Early Math Learning

Resource details

Author / organisation
Michèle Mazzocco and Megan Onesti; Stanford DREME
Language
English
Publication / edition
2019

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Counting on Counting Books to Support Early Math Learning

An article on features of counting books and opportunities for mathematical conversation matched to a child’s development.

Ideas for learning

Choose what to count and ask a short question that makes the quantity or grouping explicit.

Scope & considerations

Not every picture book supports the same mathematical goal.

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Free article

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Dyscalculia

Resource details

Author / organisation
British Dyslexia Association
Language
English
Publication / edition
Current page; links to the 2025 SASC definition

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Dyscalculia

An introduction distinguishing difficulties with numbers and quantities from broader mathematics difficulties, and recognising variation between individuals.

Ideas for learning

A starting point for families exploring definitions and appropriate support.

Scope & considerations

UK assessment and service arrangements should not be assumed to apply unchanged in Türkiye.

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Free information page

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Design Multiple Means of Action and Expression

Resource details

Author / organisation
CAST UDL Guidelines
Language
English
Publication / edition
UDL Guidelines 3.0

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Design Multiple Means of Action and Expression

Guidance on offering different ways to respond, navigate, move and communicate, with graduated support.

Ideas for learning

Let learners explain by speaking, drawing or building, and offer keyboard or touch alternatives when appropriate.

Scope & considerations

UDL is a design framework, not an effectiveness test or an accessibility certificate.

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Free guidelines

Teaching Guides & Activities
Turkish primary mathematics programme cover — İlkokul Matematik Dersi Öğretim Programı

Resource details

Author / organisation
Ministry of National Education, Türkiye
Language
Turkish
Publication / edition
Current official PDF: 2026

Turkish primary mathematics programme cover

Teaching Guides & Activities · Turkish

İlkokul Matematik Dersi Öğretim Programı

The Turkish primary mathematics programme portal brings together the Grades 1–4 programme, textbooks and differentiation resources.

Ideas for learning

Map number, operations, geometry, measurement and data activities to local learning outcomes.

Scope & considerations

English age or school-stage labels should not be treated as direct equivalents of Turkish grades.

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Free official portal and programme PDF

Teaching Guides & Activities
ÖGES Matematik Öğretmen Kılavuzu 2 cover — ÖGES Matematik Öğretmen Kılavuzu 2

Resource details

Author / organisation
Ministry of National Education, General Directorate of Special Education and Guidance Services, Türkiye
Language
Turkish
Publication / edition
Official file dated 2025

ÖGES Matematik Öğretmen Kılavuzu 2 cover

Teaching Guides & Activities · Turkish

ÖGES Matematik Öğretmen Kılavuzu 2

The second-level mathematics teacher guide in the Turkish Learning Difficulties Activity Set.

Ideas for learning

A local reference for teachers to inspect when planning support in Turkish.

Scope & considerations

The official PDF cover and level were verified. Specific activities and learning outcomes have not yet been reviewed in detail.

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Official PDF; detailed content review pending

Teaching Guides & Activities
Turkish Learning Difficulties Support Programme cover — Öğrenme Güçlüğü Olan Bireyler İçin Destek Eğitim Programı

Resource details

Author / organisation
Ministry of National Education, General Directorate of Special Education and Guidance Services, Türkiye
Language
Turkish
Publication / edition
Official file available January 2026

Turkish Learning Difficulties Support Programme cover

Teaching Guides & Activities · Turkish

Öğrenme Güçlüğü Olan Bireyler İçin Destek Eğitim Programı

A Turkish support education programme with separate early mathematics and mathematics modules, including object attributes, spatial relationships, part–whole relations, operations, geometry, measurement and data.

Ideas for learning

Check that support includes a broad mathematical scope rather than only repeated arithmetic.

Scope & considerations

Programme hours and institutional requirements are not Math-Bricks activity durations or service commitments.

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Official PDF

Teaching Guides & Activities
Original provider image — Matematikteki Başarısızlığımızın Nedeni Diskalkuli Olabilir

Resource details

Author / organisation
Dr. Melis Savaşan Söğüt; TÜBİTAK Bilim Genç
Language
Turkish
Publication / edition
30 May 2022

Original provider image

Teaching Guides & Activities · Turkish

Matematikteki Başarısızlığımızın Nedeni Diskalkuli Olabilir

A Turkish introduction to dyscalculia and difficulties with numbers and quantities, using everyday examples.

Ideas for learning

An accessible introductory reading option for Turkish-speaking families.

Scope & considerations

Read its framing alongside current specialist definitions; a general information article does not provide an individual assessment.

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Free article

Teaching Guides & Activities
Bridges Breakout Data Analysis cover — Data Analysis Exploring Mean, Mode and Range

Resource details

Author / organisation
The Math Learning Center
Language
English
Publication / edition
2019

Bridges Breakout Data Analysis cover

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

Data Analysis Exploring Mean, Mode and Range

Activities exploring mean by redistributing cube or base-ten-piece columns, alongside mode and range.

Ideas for learning

Move equal units between columns to investigate why an average works.

Scope & considerations

Keep units, baselines and spacing consistent, and distinguish mean from mode.

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Free PDF

Teaching Guides & Activities
SPACE Training Manual cover — SPACE Programme Resources

Resource details

Author / organisation
University of Surrey SPACE research team
Language
English

SPACE Training Manual cover

Teaching Guides & Activities · English

SPACE Programme Resources

A programme resource list including a teacher guide, brick inventory, spatial language cards, training videos and curriculum connections.

Ideas for learning

Consider how an activity package brings together materials, instructions and teacher questions.

Scope & considerations

The resources are described for programme schools; public listing does not automatically permit copying or republication.

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Public resource list; material access may be conditional

Digital Tools
The Math Learning Center Fractions app image — Math Apps

Resource details

Author / organisation
The Math Learning Center
Language
English

The Math Learning Center Fractions app image

Digital Tools · English

Math Apps

Free visual mathematics tools including number frames, number lines, number pieces, fractions and a geoboard.

Ideas for learning

Move between a physical construction and a different representation of the same idea.

Scope & considerations

These tools are not LEGO models; free use does not automatically permit republication of their content or code.

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Free web apps

Digital Tools
Original provider image — Polypad

Resource details

Author / organisation
Amplify and Mathigon
Language
English

Original provider image

Digital Tools · English

Polypad

An open mathematical workspace with fraction bars, numbers, shapes, balance scales, data and probability tools. A Turkish interface is available.

Ideas for learning

Compare representations or explore a relationship after a physical building task.

Scope & considerations

Saving, assignment and account features may have separate conditions. This is an external mathematics tool.

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Free core tools; some functions have separate conditions

Digital Tools
Original provider image — Fractions: Intro

Resource details

Author / organisation
PhET Interactive Simulations and University of Colorado Boulder
Language
English

Original provider image

Digital Tools · English

Fractions: Intro

An interactive introduction to fractions with visual models, including equivalent and improper fractions.

Ideas for learning

Follow a brick activity with another representation of the same whole and fraction.

Scope & considerations

Successful use of a simulation is different from evidence that it improves learning.

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Free official simulation

Podcasts
NCETM podcast Episode 79 artwork — Understanding Dyscalculia

Resource details

Author / organisation
NCETM; Cat Eadle and Julia Thomson
Language
English
Publication / edition
27 February 2024

NCETM podcast Episode 79 artwork

Podcasts · English

Understanding Dyscalculia

An expert discussion of dyscalculia, other mathematics difficulties, teacher support and everyday numeracy.

Ideas for learning

An audio introduction for educators, with a transcript for reference.

Scope & considerations

Expert discussion is a different evidence type from a research study.

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LISTEN AT SOURCE

Free podcast and transcript

Podcasts
Original provider image — Dyscalculia, more than bad at math

Resource details

Author / organisation
Understood, In It; Daniel Ansari and a young contributor
Language
English
Publication / edition
14 March 2019

Original provider image

Podcasts · English

Dyscalculia, more than bad at math

An expert and a young contributor discuss number concepts and everyday challenges involving time and direction.

Ideas for learning

Help families understand difficulties without attributing them to low effort or intelligence.

Scope & considerations

US service arrangements should not be assumed to apply unchanged in Türkiye.

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LISTEN AT SOURCE

Free podcast and transcript

Podcasts
Original provider image — The math mystery: How we discovered my daughter has dyscalculia

Resource details

Author / organisation
Understood Everyone Gets a Juice Box; Laura Jackson and Jessica Shaw
Language
English
Publication / edition
17 March 2026

Original provider image

Podcasts · English

The math mystery: How we discovered my daughter has dyscalculia

A parent describes recognising mathematics difficulties and seeking appropriate support for her daughter.

Ideas for learning

An optional family perspective alongside specialist and research sources.

Scope & considerations

One family’s experience does not predict every child’s path or demonstrate the effectiveness of a method.

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LISTEN AT SOURCE

Free podcast and transcript

Videos
Original provider image — İlkokul Matematik Öğretim Programı

Resource details

Author / organisation
Prof. Dr. Veli Toptaş; Ministry of National Education, Türkiye
Language
Turkish

Original provider image

Videos · Turkish

İlkokul Matematik Öğretim Programı

An official Turkish video introducing the primary mathematics curriculum, presented by Prof. Dr. Veli Toptaş.

Ideas for learning

An audiovisual option for teachers exploring the programme.

Scope & considerations

The official title and speaker were verified; the full video was not reviewed. It is not LEGO or dyscalculia-specific training.

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WATCH AT SOURCE

Free official video page

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